Capacitor

  This type of device is used to store electrical charges and prevent voltage spikes. The insulated plates area provide a form of storage into which electricity can flow and this prevent any surge of voltage. The unit for this is Farad (F) capacitance. The key thing that makes the capacitor unique is that the storing of charges takes time, hence it can be uses to dampen voltage spikes, or for event timing.
I. RC time Delay or "charging time":
   1.Theory:
   What really happens here? This can only be explained using electron flow theory. So the plate connected to the Pos is the positive plate, and the negative plate connected to the negative of the battery. Eventually, positive charges are attracted to electrons and vice versa, and hence the effect is similar with the diode. But because between 2 plates is the insulator, positive and negative charge don't meet but still get attracted hence keep storing up on the plates storage, this is called charging. At first there is plenty of room of storing so the charging is really really fast, then it is getting tighter so the charging speed drop exponentially, until the capacitor reach it maximum capacity, there is no more storing.
   When the capacitor is disconnected from the battery, there is no force to keep the charges together, hence they are more attracted to the rest of the circuit( conductor), or yet trying to flow through an easiest way to get to each other( positive and negative), this is called discharging. Discharging can be dangerous, because if charging is exponential-like, so is discharging. The speed of discharging at initial is the biggest because the maximum number of charges bunching up wanting to get out! And that is the magnitude of the current flow. Remember physic 101! Current is essentially Coulomb/sec it means how much charge flowing through a second!!! So with a big capacitor releasing its energy, DON'T BOTHER TOUCHING IT!!!  
   2.Calculate how fast the capacitor should charge
               T=RxCx5
R: resistance Ohm ; C: capacitance Farad; T is time in second.

II. Build the circuit

This circuit has a resistor in series with a bridged capacitor, and a voltage source of 12V.
The resistor is, as always to control the current in the circuit. Excessive current can damage the capacitor, overheating the plate, damaging the insulator. The capacitor is there for our benefit of understanding how it works in a circuit and how it charges and discharges.
The capacitor once hooked up with a source will autoly charge up. Therefore we make a bridge across it so electricity will flow through the bridge, as the easiest way to get to battery negative, completing the circuit, plus most importantly it prevents the capacitor from charging.

Once the bridge is disconnected, the capacitor starts charging up. By correctly hooking up th Voltmeter, we can read the charging value as voltage drop across the C keeps increasing,as it is charging. So once we disconnect the bridge, we start recording the VD every 10 seconds for 180 seconds, hence draw a graph for voltage change over time. And what we've got is a logarithism-like graph. The very steep slope from the start indicating the fastest charging speed as the capacitor is initially empty. As the storage is getting fuller, the slope becomes more gradual over time, indicating that it is actually harder to get charges stored fast, hence the charging speed gradually decreases. The last few seconds, the slope is getting very close to zero, showing that the capacitor is full.

Testing Diodes

  While most of the calculations on electrical circuit are done with conventional current- means that current flow is from positive to negative, Electron flow is actually what happens that electrons go from negative to positive, because they are attracted to the positive charges. Bases on this principal, a semiconductor device called diode is constructed, which only allows current to go only one way forward biased. Apparently, positive charges of missing electrons and electrons are pushed oppositely from the positive and the negative, towards the middle boundary layer. The positive charges are missing electrons so they have "holes" available for flowing through, because the electrons don't stop there but keep being pushed by the negative. A current can flow through a "forward biased" diode because of this.
In a "reversed bias" situation, current can not flow when Positive is connected to the Cathode, that the positive is more likely to attract the electrons side of the diode rather than pushing them.
   When "testing diode" resistance becomes practical, there are 2 ways.
  When testing a diode using Ohms meter, make sure that the meter is "strong enough" to push the holes and the electrons through the "boundary layer", in order to be able to "turn on" the diode. Some small multimeter is incapable of this, we either use a stronger meter or, switch to "old" analog meter that is actually capable.
   Remember when we check the rectifier diodes out of the alternator, we did use the diode test setting on the multimeter. What the meter does is using a higher voltage to push the diode, then it will record the voltage drop required to do this, hence this VD is correspondent to the diode's resistance. By measuring the diode in both directions, from anode to cathode, the resistance should be low because it is possible to flow through the diode. The resistance from cathode to anode should be infinity indicating that the blocking is functional.
  During our assessment, we must build a simple diode circuit incorporating a 1k Ohm resistor in front in series. A small diode like an LED has very little resistance itself hence the current flowing through it would be huge, eventually will "kill" it. Therefore, a big resistance is added to control the current flowing in this series circuit. Later on, a LED replace the current diode. Because the LED is a light-emitting device, hence it needs higher resistance to draw enough voltage to shine. The rule of electricity is again in action to tell that in a series circuit, the component with the most resistance will require most of the Supply Voltage to push the flow through.

Relays!!!

 Through theory, I only know that "A relay uses a low amperage circuit to switch on a higher amperage circuit"(theory note). Now I understand what its for.
By the wiring diagram, from the battery, we have to spit into 2 parallel ways through the relay compound. It is divided into 2 parts: control circuit, at which we wire the battery with the 86, and out put is 85, then wire it to the switch creating a negative switch. The other one is the switch circuit, which consists of 1 input the 30 and 2 outputs 87 and 87a. Now this is where i realize that it is just the logic that my head keeps spinning.
The resistance from 86 to 85 is 75.1, from 30 to 87a is Infinity, so is from 30 to 87.  This is because without the negative switch closed, the relay can not pull the switch from 87a back to 87, so as the relay stays off, the switching circuit between 30 and 87a is NORMALLY closed. And there is a switching circuit that is NORMALLY open when the relay is off, it is 30 and 87. When i try to wire a similar diagram to the relay, i try to measure the Amperage through 86 and 85 while the relay is on, the result is 0.16A, a small amount. So any doubt about the theory is finally rectified that the switching circuit uses a small current to switch on the big current for the main consumer circuit.
To demonstrate our full understanding of the relay, we are to bulb a circuit showing a relay circuit controlling 3 light bulbs in parallel:

When

When the Neg switch is closed, 85 n 86 are completed, and a current of 0.16A is through them, which excites the mag-coil, creating mag-force to pull the switch from 87a to 87. That's the whole job of the relay. Now, with the 30-87 closed, the three bulbs will light, and a large current measured is 0.75A.
Because the 87a is normally closed when the relay is off, hence it can be used to switch between "high beam" and "low beam" similarly to real car application. So, hereby the AV @ 87a when the relay off is nearly equal to the supply voltage e.g 13.4V and 13.11V, while AV @ 87 is Zero, and vice versa.
A big Voltage Drop can also be found across 86 and 86 when the high resistance relay coil (approx~75Ohms) consume almost 13V of the supply AV. Evidence is the AV @ 85 is 13.39 when Off and 0.38 when ON.

By this wiring, we can switch between low beams and high beam by OFF and ON. On a further context, some headlamps are designed that low beams remain turned on when the high beam mode is turned on.

In the event off 87a is already on when the relay is off, a bridge is made so that supply goes straight to the low beam circuit, small bridge, just enough to provide sufficient current for the 2 small bulbs. When the 30 and 87a is connected, the bridge will be shorted. When the relay is on, High beams are on also small beams remain On.

Identifying, Testing Combining RESISTORS

When you see a resistor, you want to know what its value, so you must know how to read it. After the assessment, I've learned that there are 2 main parts that you need to know.
I. Know how to calculate
SI Units are important, K is for Kilo, its means x1000
                                 M is for Mega, means x100000
                                 Another m symbol, its called Micro means x10^-6
and etc etc...

II Know how to read color codes
Don't panic, its easy!!! There are normally 2 types: 4 color codes and 5 color codes
With 4 color codes: the First 2 are numbers to take down eg. Brown/Red so is 12. The 3rd one is how many "zeroes" to add in eg,Brown/Red/Blue so 12 x 1000000(6 zeroes to add in). Just compare with the color code and better yet remember it.
The last color band you often see @ the end of it is gold or Silver, these are tolerance value means that you add or minus 10% or 5% of the calculated value.
5color codes, "same wine, but bigger bottle" the 3rd can also be taken down as a number, the 4th is the "ten-to-the-power-of-corresponding color".

III Series and Parallel
  Why resistance adds up in series, because same principal with water, 2 sequential resistor will be like 2 narrow stoppages, hence it is harder to flow. Rt=R1+R2+R3+...Rn
  Why in parallel, Rt behave accordingly to the formula . Simple, just like water if you have a path leading away to 2 path, eventhough there are resistances on each but, add those 2 paths 2gether, you'll get double flow, the total resistance will be 2 small proportionally to the series ones.

End of the story.

Starter motor full mirror!!!! Part 3

On car testing:After the starter motor is torn in and out to check for faults; it is time to check the one on an engine. This practical test is indeed essential in real-life diagnosis and relevant to most regular cases.
What if it is not the battery that fails your car to start, after you have checked there is 12.7V OCV. Turn the car on and it doesn't sound like cranking, but you hear a little click. AHA!!! It is the plunger that still operates.
Those are just saying, but before blaming the starter, check all the wiring first. The circuitry between the battery and the starter terminals and body might contain potential voltage drops that could result in not enough power/torque produced to crank the flywheel. Hence we should put the voltmeter for a test. Parts that need testing are: Batt+ to B terminal(spec is below 0.2V, this is to ensure good condition of conductor); B terminal to M terminal(spec is below 0.1V); and starter body to Batt -(spec is 0.2V). Any higher VD reading shows that the battery will fail to deliver at least 9.5V for cold cranking. These parts are in series, therefore a total of all 3 reading must also be below 0.5V. AND, all the tests must be measured while cranking. Why, because this is the test where the starter is to put to crank the engine, so we only get its readings when it is cranking.
Next, the amperage delivered to the starter to excites the armature must be sufficient in order to produce enough cranking power. With old engine, the reading is expected to be a little bit less than the spec(e.g 110A out of minimum of 125A) this is because moving parts are smoothened(commutator brushes, shaft, overrunning clutch housing etc...) hence power required is a bit less.

Starter motor full mirror!!!! Part 2

  Now learning and understanding is such a "sweet" job. But the main purpose of that is what can we really do with the component. Therefore a dedicated dismantling and analyzing are required to fully fortify understanding of the topic. On May 6th we had our starter motor bench testing and repair assessment. So i'm gonna go through what we did to test it and why we did that.
   As I explained earlier, there are 2 main circuits in a pre-engaged starter motor, they are plunger circuit or the "control" circuit and the Armature circuit, which both consist of many components. But, there is only one input and output out of the whole thing, plus the two circuits are logically connected, therefore the first test we must do be4 dismantling is testing the winding using multimeter. On the body of the plunger circuit, we need to distinguish 3 terminals: one is for the Ignition Switch(S), one is Battery Input(B), and the other one is M-starter motor supply in.
    Winding(Coil) test consists of 2 sub-tests: Ground test and internal circuit test. With the ground test, set the meter on 2k Ohms, connect one lead to any end of the winding and the other to the body. This test is to find out if the winding is shorted to ground or not. If it is shorted, the reading should be a number amount of resistance, hence the winding is faulty. Short-circuit is the most common, most deadly enemy of electrical circuit. It makes the conductor contain an overloaded amount of current through it, hence this leads to overheating which fatally damage the circuit and any component within. Therefore, the correct reading for this test should be infinity, indicating there is no  circuit between the internal circuit and ground.
With the internal circuit test, the resistance reading should be low, just as the specification so that the resistance is controlling the amperage. A lower resistance reading results in higher amperage, hence the risk of overheating is higher. This could be caused by a short circuit inside the internal winding, causing the resistance to fall as electricity is taking a shorter path. And such a high resistance reading tells us that the circuit does not have enough current flow, hence the power output is insufficient for the whole operation. This caused by damaged or corroded conductors. Or significantly, an infinite reading tells us that there is a break in the circuit, which could be caused by those reason.
  
With great result from that "surface" test, now simply we need t know if this starter can work. So we put it on a bench tester to simulate its operation. The way we hook it up the tester is relevant to how we actually put it in our cars. So Battery to B terminal, Ground to Battery negative, the Ignition Supply to S terminal. It is actually easier to run the starter on a bench than trying to run it off-car, which is also COMMONLY POSSIBLE. Because with the bench when the switch is hooked up, we have our switch buttons for both battery to kick in and ignition to close the circuit. But with the off-car test, unless or even you have a switch simulator, battery is always "on" once you hooked it up, and without the switch simulator, you'll have to touch the switch cable to the S terminal, which is quite unpleasant and it is easy to short-circuit the whole thing.
OK the starter on the bench test is called a "no load" test. This is simply because it does not crank the flywheel, in which a higher power out put required is higher. When the switch is on, the voltage supply should drop, but not below 11V, hence the current provided must be also high enough between 30-50 Amps. When it is actually on a car, the voltage minimum required to crank is 9.5V, so 11V is a safety margin when testing with no load.
    
     Now, disassembly! This is a very practical part of the whole assessment, also very relevant in some real life situation, when you have to pull it out to see whats inside. Instruction is ok but nowhere to be needed because as you take the screws out, the coils and springs start to disassemble themselves, pushing almost everything apart. So what i learned from doing this is: try to do this slowly, remember where to put the bits( O-rings n stuffs) back, alignment is also important as when you put it back. It is actually more organized(which is the whole point of doing this) if you try to take one out of a time and test it. The only pain i got was a dirty/old starter is hard to distinguish and a real pain to put back due to alignment problems. 
 THIS IS WHERE ALL THE DEDICATED INDIVIDUAL TESTS BEGIN!!!
Visual inspection is always the first thing we do. it helps us to quickly determine the problem if it is obvious.
I Armature test:
 The commutator is an in-contact component, therefore we must check its circuitry. Commutator segments and armature shaft must be fully insulated, hence the reading is Infinity. There must be connections between commutator segments to ensure ducting, so a low resistance reading is expected between 0-1 Ohms, between every segments. Thats why this is called continuity test, by putting a lead to a segment, and the other lead moving around the commutator bar. Also, diameter and depth of the commutator bar and the mica undercut are important as they decide the correct contact condition with the brushes. Alternatively, a 48V test light can be used 2 check its continuity.
For checking internal short circuit, we use the "growler". This device is able to check for short circuit using the V seat and a metal strip holding above and along the shaft. When the short circuit segment is in place, it will ignite some sort of electromagnetic surge that is strong enough to move the metal strip and hence the short is detected.

II Field coils and Pole shoes
Field coils are like force-multiplier for producing magnetic torque. Therefore between each end of the field windings, conduction must be good, it means small resistance. Commonly, if field winding is insulated from the body, which in this case it is, the resistance test should be Infinity.

III Brush Holder Assembly:
Firstly, brushes should be long enough to ensure there are firm contacts with the commutators, as described above. Remember the key is the shape of the contact, and the minimum length. Measure the length of the brushes, if they are close to the minimum, should be replaced.
With the brush holder, the key thing is between the body and the brushes must be insulated, otherwise the power circuit for the armature is sabotaged. We can check this by using Ohms meter, n it should read "I".

IV Solenoid magnetic switch.
By using a 9V supply tester, we can check the operation of pull-in and Hold-in winding.

In Pull-in test, put the 9V supply between S and M terminal. This simulates when the switch is closes, the current flows through both pull-in and hold-in, but pull-in wins, therefore, the result of the plunger got pulled in fast is expected.
In hold-in test, 9V is connected between S terminal and the body. This simulates when the contacts are closed by the plunger, the pull-in winding is shorted, only the hold-in winding in operation, and 9V flows from the switch, through hold-in, to ground. Note that when carrying out this test, plunger must be pushed in, so when the lead is grounded, releasing the plunger won't coil it out.

Those are the key things that need to be remember during disassembling and testing. And the rest, testing pinion gear and Overrunning clutch, bushes...re-assembling, just follow the instruction, because they are mechanically easy to comprehend.

Starter motor full mirror!!!! Part 1

   Starter motor is one of the MOST important parts of an engine. How important it is can be described as the margin between a sleeping engine and a running engine. What is does: crank the engine using its own power. Where does this "power" come from: battery. How does this happen: First it's the human who switches the ignition key that connects the control circuit to the starter. The control circuit consists of a hold-in solenoid widing and a pull-in solenoid winding. What most of my collegues don't understand was why hold-in and pull-in were activated @the same time. It is because same voltage applied for each winding, the one with smaller resistance will have a higher power output(i.e V=IR; P=IV) and hence the pull-in wins, which pulls the plunger to close the contacts for the main/ higher current/armature circuit. Also, the plunger is mechanically connected to the  moveable shaft of the armature, which connected to the pinion gear/running clutch bunch. So when the plunger is pulled in, this pushes the pinion gear in contact with the flywheel. That the whole reason why this stater type is called "pre-engaged".

When the contacts close, the pull-in winding is nolonger needed therefore the circuitry was designed to short circuit the pull-in winding.

   After pre-engagement, it is...engagement! The contacts close, the BIG current for the armature circuit kicks in, excites the solenoids that act like magnets to turn the armature rotating. The armature then spins so quickly because of huge magnetic force can effectively turn a circle of linear conductors cutting through it. And when the armature shaft turns, it creates torque, transfers it to the flywheel that moves the crankshaft. And thats how the engine is cranked and started.

 

   Aftermath, when the engine starts, the idle speed and the gear ratio of the flywheel make it obsolate for the starter to spin with them, this can cause so many damages like overheating parts and circuit(deadly), corrosion to the moving parts etc... Therefore, the starter needs to back down. How can it back down? Apparently, the human knows that the engine has already started, hence releases the ignition switch, in which the starter motor control circuit is switched open again. No excited solenoid winding to pull/hold the plunger, but the plunger arm needs to be pushed back. Fortunately, it already has a spring that coils itself back. In the end, the pinion gear is pull back from the flywheel. There is a notable part called the running clutch which is also essential that it protects the armature circuit from excessive torque by the engine. Its clutch-roller and spring housing system are designed to allow the housing to spin freely from the shaft when it is sensed that the flywheel is spinning faster than the armature's original speed. The springs will retract that will allow the rollers to contact-free with the shaft, making it possible for the pinion to spin with the flywheel without spinning the shaft. This operation is also connected with the ignition switch. So when the key is turned, the springs lock the pinion with the shaft, when it releases, the springs free the rollers.( To be continued...)

BATTERY!!!!!!!

 I. Assuming that we all know what a battery does. Now, a couple of flashes I learned about battery.
1. What's inside of it? H2SO4 and water. Terminals are Pb and PbO , when the magic happens O particles come out of the lead terminals, SO4 particles grap the leads forming PbSO4 also called "Suphated Lead" when battery is depleted. The remaining H2 combines with O forming water. So Frankly, this means a battery being discharged is making H2O and PbSO4, and a charging one is making H2SO4 and PbO. Battery does store electricity, or current, or energy, infact it stores charges ready to flow, by how? By capacity plates, more plates, more storing area. One plate-2.1V, 6 plates-12.6 V- fully charged. 


2.  There are serviceable and untouchable battery. We are talking about serviceable, because what you do when your untouchable is dead? buy a new one. On the serviceable, we can open the casing, vents, electrolyte screws...to observe, add/remove electrolyte or water/ whatever... 
     When recharging, remember from live to dead, pos to pos, neg to ground, (neg to neg or neg to ground before pos to pos and I WONT BE RESPONSIBLE!!)
     Battery can become overcharged, easily. OCV will be wayy higher than 12.6, nt just 13.1 or .2 but near 14V. What can happen? Well too much acid, too aggressively fast flow=> excessive heat. Hence we need to discharge it. I'm not gonna tell the percentage of acid/water ratio but somewhat 75/25 if thats ok and the rest go look it up your self (dont mean to be rude).


3. When buying a new battry, pay attention to these:
Dimention
Durability
Terminal Orientation
Capacity/ CCA-how much Amps for cold cranking which is suitable for your car.


 II. OK now to the REAL test, lets take this to the practical!!!
1. Determine CCA, right on the casing of the battery eg 410 A
2. Perform a visual check
I checked everything, what noticeable was electrolytes spilling all over the cap. Cleaning it up is easy(soda/water mixture). But the real thing is to find the source of the problem. It could be the battery is overcharged(surface charge) so i thought i check the electrolyte level. Now, the level is beyond where i can see the leverage(cell). Electrolytes level too high, its easy to cause spilling. This should be removed to the correct water/acid ratio.


3.Next I check the OCV 13.9V- overcharged, . I can remove the surface charge by light-on load for about 1 min with the voltmeter across the terminals, when i turn off the load, the true OCV will reveal eg. 12.46V nearly 75% charged. This is satisfactory for the test only requires 50% charge battery. Or I can charge it to full using fast charger.


4. Testing the battery electrolyte specific gravity. What noticeable is the color of the hydrometer is not as important as the color of the liquid( clear or murky), but the green-red or white indicate the right level of the electrolyte. I also notice that the float only floats on water, but dives under acid, therefore the test is reliable to carry out.


5. With the high rate discharge test, remember to determine the load current to apply when using a load tester, by half the CCA, eg 205A (CCA 410A). The minimum voltage for cranking is 9.5, so with the load test, the battery must hold above 9.5V. Load be applied for 10sec.


6. Small little thing like radio memory lost should be backed up while measuring parasitic drain. Try to connect the Amp meter in series with the battery without disconnecting the circuit. Why Amps drain should be measured, because such a small consumer can become really consuming when your car is left sleeping for at least a night of 8 hrs a day, this is plenty of time for draining.
     Finally, i want to address the main job of the battery. When engine is off, its job is to carry all the load under its shoulder. And it is inevitably needed for the starter to crank start the engine. But when the engine is on, all the job is for the alternator, and the engine runs it. So kids, when you wanna run the big speakers in your dad's car, ask him if he wants to let go of some gas or if he is comfortable to do a jump start next time. Well i guess it is stupid anyway. So the battery, when your car can't start, it is the first thing you wanna check. Do visual, then get a volt meter to check, if cant, open it up to check the electrolyte level- this is because, it is commonly the incapability of the battery that your car can't start. Then....you can blame the starter, the alternator, whatever just check your BATT first. BIG CHEERS!!!

Charging system on-car testing REFECTION

  On 14/04/11 we did  an on-car assessment about testing the charging system, which including testing the battery, the alternator and some load test. Subject was a Subaru Impreza STI 2008, 2.0 Japanese Import, Single Turbo, Cam, Cold Air...None of them are important.
  When starting, the engine needs a straight away DC voltage that can only be supplied by the battery. Then, when the engine is on, the job is for the alternator to brag. That's the main idea about the charging system. Moreover, you can say that without the engine turned on, all electrical functions are authorized by the battery, until it is dried. When the engine is on, alternator takes charge charging the battery also takes care of all electrical  functions. And this practical on car test is all about that.
   Like every morning, you go to work and expect your car to start up. For doing this, you need a capable battery. And our first check is just like that, but a little bit more throughout. Visual check is always critical, because you can tell that smth is wrong when it happens to be obvious, it saves your time critically. Next, we start your technical diagnosis.
  It is always the OCV first, Open Circuit voltage is right now, how capable is your battery. So just parallel the meter to the terminals, record the reading. A starter needs a minimum of 9.5V to start, but our test requires a fully charged battery, because eventually, some implicit loads still applied when cranking, which are always monitored by ECU. Battery should be as ready as 12.7 V.
  Once the engine is on, generated voltage is regulated, and this can be measured through the battery. Just leave it under no load, the reading expected is around 14.5V, and what we got was 14.11V. This is fine because it is relatively reasonable thus a higher result than 14.5 tells me that alternator might overcharge. This could be dangerous for the circuit and fusible link. And reason we got 14.11 because when it's idling, the rpm goes up and down which affects the result.
   Still the no-load condition, now we check the current output. Specs is different from Diesel to Petrol. Diesel is form 5 to 12Amps, 10-18 for Petrol. Instead of leaving it to idle, we can rev the car up to 1500 rpm to obtain a more secured reading, but serouly it makes no different. This means that the regulator is doing a good job keeping the current output still. If the regulator is faulty, current form rectifier to this can be jeopardized, we might get no current at all or too high a current. Some other anomalies that could cause a higher reading could be stator resistance too low, or some implicit loads were applied like power steering etc...
    Underload test: Charging V under load=OCV+0.5V, so we got 13.23V. That is about the minimum amount to compensate with all loads also be able to charge the battery. If the voltage output too low, it might result in the battery getting used up, then next time you start the car, it might not be capable, because of not enough amperage. With the engine not turned on, the current drawn from the battery under load( all accesory except radio n wipers) is around 20Amps, way lower than 40-50 Amps when put on the alternator, this is simply because the battery is not charged.
    Last but not least, a charging system voltage drop test indicating the quality of charging. Although the specs for Positive side and Negative side are both 0.2V when operating, the REAL result for a good quality charger wiring should be WAYYY belong that, like 0.05 and 0.03V thats what we got. Grounding is always non-tolerable. Also, high voltage drops mean low quality wiring, bigger resistance affects the current output, affecting operation.
   So this is actually the big picture of your car's electrical supplier side. Before getting too technical, just do these simple, surface tests first, and thats about it for a regular user. If your car is ok, move on. If it is my car and smth is wrong, i'll definately dig in.
   

12/04/2011- Reflection on Alternator Off-car testing

  With the alternator off car testing assessment, our job is to dismantle the alternator into parts to carry out off-car tests which consist of: Rotor winding test, Stato Winding test, Rectifier diodes test, Voltage regulator test, brushes test. SORRY FOLKS NO PICTURE!!! : (
I. Dismantling:
      Normally, i have to dismount an alternator from the car first. That means i have to remove the driving belt, unscrew the mountings, make sure I don't damage anything on my way of taking it out. There is one big notice that we all have to make, that it is dependent on the construction of each car to determine the difficulty of dismounting its alternator, so I make a note of that.
       But in this off-car assessment, we were provided a dismounted alternator, so the main thing is i just have to make sure i follow the instruction to dismantle the alternator correctly part-by-part.


II. Testing (I have to make sure i follow the instruction carefully because there are numberous tests with flipping, easily mistaking contents). Before every resistance test, internal resistance of meter is always accounted for.

1. Rotor windings:
   a. Rotor winding to ground test:
       The slip rings are hooked on the shaft to guaranty its spinning motion when the alternator is being driven. The brushes are the slip rings electrical contact to bring in-and-out the current from the battery. So it is very important that the slip rings are fully insultated with the shaft because we don't want any short-to-ground during the operation which can potentially damage the circuit. By carrying out the test i can understand more about the importance of correct wiring.
   b. Rotor winding internal resistance test
Specification of the circuit between the 2 slip rings is 2-6 Ohms, to ensure there is a strong but not overheating conduction. Lower than 2 Ohms, possible overheating when current passing through is too high is anticipated. Resistance too high, power generated may not catch up with load applied on the battery.

2.Stator windings.
   Similar to rotor windings in the concept of induced voltage, stator windings is a force-multiplier. More coils means more voltage is induced. Therefore the resistance quality of the stator coil must be minimized from 0 to 0.2 Ohms, to ensure most efficient ducting and prevents too big of a current. So in order to check this, we had to touch the black lead to the common point, and the other open terminal to red lead consequently, and record the readings.
   Again, stator windings to ground must be absolutely zero, which means it reads infinity on resistance. Grounding is fatal, unacceptable, operation-jeopardizing so if there is any readable value means that there is a circuit exists, we will have to check and replace the stator wirings.

3. Rectifier
    The rectifier component of an alternator is truly "where the miracle happens". By using phase rectification diodes, it successfully converts the alternating current into a one positively directied DC current, no matter what way the AC is going. Testing this componet can be confusing, so I put it this way NOT to be confusing:
   a. Anode test:

B-output
P-inputs
(Direction of positive diode current)
The AC current generated goes through Ps to be converted and continues to output B. This mean when tesing: common lead on B, red lead on Ps, we will get a low resistance readings (i.e 0.5 to 0.7 VD) . If we do the opposite, the resistances must be infinite, because reversing current is completely prevented by diodes.


  b. Cathode test:

    This is meant to test the negative diodes, why calling that way, because these diodes prevent the converted current from going to ground.
    Let say P is inputs, E stands for Earth is output. Because there isn't supposed to be any outcome to E, the reading must read "infinity".
    On the opposite, since these are diodes, it is reasonable for the opposite test to have low resistance readings( i.e 0.5-0.7 VD)
    So this being said: preventing current to go to ground is essential as the function of the rectifier being rectified by this practical test. For example, one of our readings were Infinity for the reverse test of the negative diodes test, this means a negative diode is deflected and it is reasonalbe to replace the whole rectifier.


4. Voltage Regulator
   The next piece of the puzzle, now to make sure the amplitude of the current generated does not damage the circuit when various applications apply to the performance of the rotor's speed, especially when reving @ high rpm. It's circuitry (of combination of BJTs, reostats, resistors and diodes) brings back a regulated voltage that is safe for the circuit.
   While testing, faults from the rectifier or anywhere that inputs the regulator can jeopardize its test result. So before we deem the regulator to be faulty, we must have accounted for the fore-operations. This our case, a negative diode from the rectifier is faulty, then this alters the test result of the regulator on a Transpo Tester. This could be the short circuit light didn't turn off during testing or turn-off of the tester. The field light didn't flash as rapidly .etc...

   As the complication of this compound, it is always better to replace than look into the complex to find the cause when a regulator is found to be faulty. But if there is any faulty in rotor, stator or rectifier .etc... check them out first before charging this component guilty.

5. Brushes and Bearings:
   Make sure these are in contact with the slip rings, so protrusion length is essential to test( ie. minium 4mm long)
   Bearings are components those operate under high friction and compression conditions, they are the kevlar for rotating operation of the alternator. So it is being said, replace them regularly.

So by carrying out the alternator dismantling test, we really have a deeper look into the operation of the alternator. We now understand more about its role in the charging system, along with all inputs and outcomes aspect about it. ANYWAY, IF UR ALTERNATOR F*** UP, THROW THAT DEAD WEIGHT AWAY AND BUY A NEW ONE, IF WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TURBOS AND STUFFS!!!

LED Test Light

   Howdy folks! We're back again with TTEC 4841-Easy Car Electrical. I'm Tommy Alpa Shepard aka Tung Nguyen will bring you an easy insight of a device which handles, without wasting over 30 bucks at an electrical store and probably would damage your circuit. Yes, it is the logic probe LED tester. Even though this is an individual practical assessment, before that, BIG THANKS to my classmate Umar for helping me familiarize with soldering- one of the central skills needed to successfully pull this off.
   ITS THE LOGIC PROBE and the logic is simple: All constructions are shown in this wiring diagram as a both general and detailed idea shaping: 

  Though all instructions were provided during this assessment but there are some points I'd like to emphasize. During construction using this diagram as an instructor, you need to be clear about 4 things:
1. Where to put components, orders .etc.
2. Where need soldering.
3. Where need insulated.
4. Last but not least, know how the electricity will flow in all situation.
  Order is very important. You might as well put the diodes LED the wrong way just because the long lead of Green which supposed to be soldered to the rod were hooked up with the resistor, and then you continued to follow everything else in perfect order. In the end you tested it and pissed off and wondered why the F*** it didn't work. Well, that's why. I guess you know what I mean.
  One thing I realize about this is knowing how the current flows is the second most important rule that saves your ass when things go whacky. Instruction says Green is for positive, Red is NEG. But if we take a closer look, we will definitely see why it is called LOGIC PROBE. Let say you make a mistake hook the long Red into the brass and its short soldered to the R2 resistor. Don't panic because you just make your Red a positive indicator, so why the hell cry while you can make the rest into a negative indicator. Whatever you do, no matter how big your mess is when start, just remember to check it before too late, and for your sakes please remember these are just diode LEDs, so make use of their nature.
   OK! Back to some educational interpretation. I'm going to explain how this works. As there are 3 remarkable terminal in the whole circuit: Red Alligator clip positive; Black Alligator Negative; and the brass rod is a free terminal or it can be referred to as a ground. There are also 3 main situations at which this Logic Probe will operate also 3 main ways that we have to test our probe:
1. Positive-Negative
This is when we connect the red alligator to positive of a 12V battery, and black alligator to battery negative. And the whole thing works just like a basic series circuit:

From positive - Resistor R1 - Green LED diode - through rod - Red LED diode - Resistor R2 - Negative
This means both LEDs will light up equally. There is no current flowing till any end of the rod because it is not grounded. If the rod is grounded when Pos-Neg is happening then we've got a short circuit.

2. Positive- Ground
Red Alligator to battery positive; rod touched with battery negative. The current will flow like this:

Electricity finds it easier to go through the end of the rod to ground, after doing its job brightening up the Green LED. This is why the Red LED doesn't go on, because flow doesn't even bother to go through the Red LED and then has to go though the very tough R2 1 k Ohm resistor in order to get to ground. Plus, the black alligator is on air.

3. Ground- Negative ( or Free Terminal- Negative)

 The rod is touched to battery positive, the black alligator is clipped with the battery negative. The current only flows through the Red LED to ground. The Red Alligator is on air, plus it is a diode, current can not flow back.

  So in the end, we know the theory, we know how to make it, we know how to test it, we know how it works. We are all the way up to using it in the future as a reliable tool for back probing- checking sensors, battery.etc..

I built some circuits last week, simple ones

    Introduction: This is how we wire an individual circuit; a series circuit; a parallel circuit; and a compound circuit. Any interpretation following is purely my understanding of what is really going on in any of those circuit. Big THANKS to bigmitch, for opening my eyes about electricity. Here we go.

    We all know the drill: get a circuit board; enough wires; a multimeter. First of all check the probes for resistance, then check the supply for 12V, check if we got fuses installed( if we run out of fuses because we accidently short our circuit; we'll have to direct it, and make it right, and hopefully we won't blow anything on the wall). All done? Now lets get into the circuits.

   1.INDIVIDUAL CIRCUIT
Nothing special here really: Pos+; fuse; switch; bulb; Ne-. The key thing is  we try one with big bulb and then with small bulb. We were assigned to identify the change in current measure in the circuit if the resistance change: Small bulb-0.33A; Big bulb-0.72A. This explain that the small bulb lights less because it has greater resistance, which cause the current to be lesser hence smaller wattage than the big bulb.



   2. SERIES CIRCUIT.

    This is the difference between series and individual: the current change. In series, the current runs through any part of the circuit is the same. But voltage shares, V=IxR, therefore, the smaller bulb will draws more voltage. If u have 2, or 3 identical bulbs, voltages are the same for all. If u have a series of different bulbs, the bulbs with most resistance with draw the most voltage, and then same goes for the 2nd largest, 3rd largest.
    But also in series circuit, the more bulbs you add, the more the total resistance increases( Rt=R1+R2+R3+...+Rn), hence the more the total current decreases, and the result is dimmer for every additional light bulb as well as all light bulbs.
   3. PARALLEL CIRCUIT.

   We built a parallel circuit with 2 bulbs, and then we measured available voltage at each light bulbs, we got approx~ 12V for both. Also; voltage drops across each bulb is 12V. This indicates that the voltage rule for parallel applies here. Force from the supply is endless and there's no stopping when it has 2 ways to push. For the Amps readings, we got 0.73 for each bulb and supply current of 1.46. This means that currents from + travels to junction then splits up 2 ways distributing to each bulb, and then they come back and add up again, as Kirchoff Law states: Total I in= Total I out.
   In parallel circuit, the brightness of each bulb is maintained since each branch is an individual circuit. And because AV is preserved for each, the branch current is also maintained by only being affected by its own bulb resistance, therefore, the brightness is maintained.

  4.COMPOUND CIRCUIT.

This is when all the fun kicks in. We were supposed to wire 2 parallels and 1 series following, and all 3 are big bulbs. But somehow, the two parallels didn't light up as they supposed to, only the series bulb. So we decided to wire the 2 parallels using small bulbs, here is the result:

  Available Voltages(AV) through both bulbs are both 12.6V, and after are both 5.25V(approx~). This tells us that VD across both bulbs are about 7.35V, so 7.35V is comsumed by the parallel circuit, only 5.25V left for the big bulb. Why? Because small bulb has higher resistance(approx~ tripled the R of the big bulb), therefor the whole parallel compound's resistance is just happened to be larger than the big bulb stands alone, hence draws more voltage.

5.REALIZATION

   U see parallel is way better than series circuit because of no matter how many light bulbs you wire there, the voltage across each one of them is the same, the more you wire, the less total resistance you have. And the cool thing is the current doesn't drop for any additional bulb installed.
   In the experimental compound circuit we tried, we add one more bulb in series:



We can see clearly how a parallel brightness is worsened by adding series. More bulbs means more resistance as the total current drops, the voltage through each bulb also drops, leading to overall downfall of brightness.
So in conclusion, series circuit of consumers is not an effective way for optimal operation, but parallel. A series circuit in series to a parallel circuit sabotages the normal operation of consumers component in the whole circuit.
Because of its nature, parallel circuit is the main circuit for bits and pieces on your car. Multiple lights, countless switches,.etc..ưhich can only be met by parallel circuits. 

Electrical Circuit rules

In series, only series, the bulb with greatest resistance will draw all the available voltage to use first.

Electrons/ atom: conductors like metal has lots of "free" electrons.

Potential difference is the voltage diff between + and -: E.G: +=12.6; -= 0 => Po. Diff.= 12.6

Individual circuit: Fuse: restrict Amp; bigger the Amp; hotter the heat. As there is no fuse , the 2 big amp will heat up the wire on fire
Short Circuit: wire doesn't go through the bulb(resistance) but shorted 2 earth, will return to Ne- => this will nmaintain a super big Amp n will burn the insultator and set fire.
E.G battery charger broken wire n stuck 2 wire 2gether will get a big shorted circuit

Remember how to check 4 a shorrt circuit.

Variable resistance: use 2 control the Amps.

I: Impedance


WIRE SIZE: Resistance= length * diameter.
Long wire; narrow diameter= high resistance.

1st post safety

First lesson on electrical, read through all the safety notes; car jack needs 2 be concerned; 1st thing before using a fire exstinguisher; check if its the right one 4 the case: 4 example: electrical fire: use CO2 gas exstinguisher. Ed May book needs 2 be returned by 15th April.